酰胺和酯官能团在生物系统、材料和药物中具有关键作用，因此高效构建酰胺和酯键一直是有机化学的研究重点。羧酸因其多样性和易得性，是丰富羰基官能团的重要来源。直接缩合羧酸与亲核试剂（如胺或醇）理论上可实现原子经济性，但由于热力学不利，通常需要苛刻条件。因此，使用化学计量的“偶联”试剂预活化或原位活化羧酸，将其羟基转化为良好离去基团，随后进行胺解或醇解，成为最实用的方法。现有偶联试剂包括碳二亚胺、咪唑鎓盐、脲鎓盐、酸酐形成剂和氯化剂等，但存在毒性高、昂贵、副产物难分离以及手性完整性损失等问题。【酰胺的制备汇总】

General Procedure: Synthesis of Amides from Carboxylic Acid

General Procedure A: To a 25 mL flame-dried resealable reaction tube equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, carboxylic acid (1 mmol), DMAP (1.5 mmol), R1R 2NH (1.2 mmol) and DCM (5.0 mL) were added in air. Then the Tf-DMAP (1.3 mmol) was added to reaction mixture. After the reaction was stirred for 5 min, the crude mixture was quenched by H2O and extracted by DCM (3 x 3 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel and eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate to afford the desired amide.

General Procedure: Synthesis of Esters from Carboxylic Acid

General Procedure C: To a 25 mL flame-dried resealable reaction tube equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, carboxylic acid (1 mmol), Et3N, 1.5 mmol, ROH (1.2 mmol) and DCM (5.0 mL)were added in air. Then Tf-DMAP (1.2 mmol) was added to reaction mixture in turn. After the reaction was stirred for 5 min, the crude mixture was quenched by H2O and extracted by DCM (3 x 3 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel and eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate to afford the desired esters (For products 31 and 32, the procedure was shown in the detailed descriptions for products).